What are the oldest experiments still active in the world?

Science is a field that thrives on curiosity and the never-ending search for answers. Some scientific experiments are designed to last for years, decades, or even centuries in order to observe long-term phenomena. Around the world, there are many experiments that began long ago and continue to provide valuable data to this day. Here, we explore five of the oldest experiments still in progress.

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1. Pitch drop experiment

Beginning: 1927
Location: University of Queensland, Australia

The tar drop experiment is perhaps the most famous of all long-term experiments. Started by Professor Thomas Parnell in 1927, its aim was to prove that some materials that appeared to be solids were actually highly viscous liquids.

The experiment consists of a funnel containing bitumen, a highly viscous petroleum derivative. Since the experiment began, only nine drops of tar have fallen. The last decline was recorded in April 2014, and the next decline is expected in the coming years. This experiment is an exceptional example of scientific patience and perseverance, exhibiting physical properties that are almost impossible to observe in short-term experiments.

This is one of the earliest still active experiments that helped clarify the concepts of viscosity and the behavior of materials over time, contributing to the field of physics and materials science. The longevity of the experiment is a testament to scientific dedication and continues to amaze researchers and the general public.

2. Belle seed germination experiment

Beginning: 1879
Location: Michigan State University, United States

Bell’s seed germination experiment is one of the oldest experiments in botany. This experiment, begun by Professor William James Bell in 1879, was designed to determine how long seeds could remain viable in soil.

Bell buried 20 jars containing 50 seeds of 21 different species, intending to dig up the jar every five years to test the viability of the seeds. This period was later changed to ten years and then to longer periods. So far, many of the seeds have germinated, showing that some can remain viable for more than a century.

This experiment has important implications for ecology, conservation biology and agriculture. It provides insight into seed survival in the soil seed bank and the ability of plants to survive in adverse conditions.

3. Darwin’s experiment and earthworms

Beginning: 1881
Location: Down House, United Kingdom

Charles Darwin, known primarily for his theory of evolution, also conducted a long-term experiment that began in 1881 and continues to this day. This experiment focused on the role of earthworms in soil formation and organic matter decomposition.

Darwin carefully observed and documented how earthworms manipulate soil, aiding in aeration and decomposition of organic matter. He published his findings in the book “Formation of Vegetable Earth through the Work of Earthworms.” The experiment was continued by Darwin’s estate managers and other scientists, with earthworm activity and its effect on the soil continuing to be monitored.

This study was fundamental to soil ecology, highlighting the importance of earthworms in soil health and sustainable agriculture. Darwin’s research paved the way for a greater understanding of bioturbation and soil formation processes.

4. Experiment with aging balsamic vinegar

Beginning: the nineteenth century
Location: Modena, Italy

The experience of aging balsamic vinegar is one of the oldest continuous food fermentation and aging processes in the world. This process began in the 19th century, when Italian families in Modena began aging balsamic vinegar in wooden barrels.

The process involves transferring the vinegar from larger barrels to smaller barrels made of different types of wood over the course of decades. Each barrel imparts unique characteristics to the vinegar, which is constantly tested and modified over the years. Some batches of balsamic vinegar are over 150 years old.

This experience is crucial to the production of high-quality traditional balsamic vinegar and has had a major impact on gastronomy and food culture. It demonstrates how natural aging processes can be carefully controlled and monitored to produce complex and unique flavours.

5. The long-term Rothamsted experiment

Beginning: 1843
Location: Rothamsted Experimental Station, United Kingdom

The long-term Rothamsted Experiment, which began in 1843, is the world’s oldest continuous agricultural experiment. This experiment, founded by John Bennett Laws and Joseph Henry Gilbert, was designed to study the effects of different soil treatments and agricultural techniques on crop productivity.

Several experiments have been carried out at Rothamsted Station, including the Broadbulk Wheat Experiment, which studies wheat growing under different fertilization and crop rotation conditions. These trials have provided essential data on agricultural sustainability, soil health, and best agricultural management practices.

The results of the Rothamsted Experiment have directly influenced agricultural practices around the world, helping to develop more efficient and sustainable food production techniques. The longevity and continuity of this experiment is crucial to understanding the long-term changes and impacts on agriculture.

These five long-term experiments are remarkable testaments to science’s commitment to the pursuit of knowledge. Not only did it challenge scientists’ patience and perseverance, but it also provided valuable insights that influenced various scientific disciplines and everyday practices.

Each of these experiments highlights the importance of long-term observations and the value of ongoing data for understanding complex processes. From material viscosity to seed viability and sustainable agricultural practices, these studies continue to enrich our understanding of the natural world.